Metal additive
manufacturing

Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) Technology

“With permission of TRUMPF Laser- und Systemtechnik GmbH”

Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) is a directed energy deposition (DED) process, which uses a laser source to generate a concentrated beam that melts the material. This is dispensed through a nozzle, thus allowing layer-by-layer additive manufacturing of medium-to-large sized complex shaped parts, with a high deposition rate (up to 2.5 Kg/h).

LORTEK has embraced LMD-powder technology, as there is a wide variety of commercial materials and new improved alloys. This process also permits the manufacture of multi-material or gradual composition parts. One of the advantages of the LMD process is that it allows to control the energy density input through the laser power and beam diameter, to effectively control the heat input per unit of area, and obtain defect-free parts. On the other hand, LMD is quite an efficient process as most of the filler material melts (between 70-90% efficiency), and only the necessary material in the required areas is used, thus reducing waste and allowing parts with near-net-shape to be obtained.

With LMD, it is not only possible to manufacture parts, but also to repair high-value parts and to add features to components manufactured by means of other processes. The combination of LMD and CNC machining has led to new manufacturing possibilities in hybrid machines and multi-process cells, where additive manufacturing processes and subtractive processes are adequately used to manufacture components with excellent surface quality in different areas, such as turbomachinery, aeronautics, automobile industry, wind, oil and gas, among others.

LORTEK's knowledge in materials, metallurgy, advanced characterization and the LMD process, permits 360º accompaniment in specific feasibility studies for each client and sector, supported both financially and technologically for the correct implementation of this disruptive metal additive manufacturing technology.

What we are currently working on

Processing

New Fe-, Co- or Ni-based alloys for high temperature and/or wear-resistant and mechanical fatigue-resistant applications.

Simulation and modelling

Process to understand relevant physical phenomena.

Monitoring and control

Process through Smart strategies that permit optimizing the deposition process in two lines of action: on-line and off-line.

Industrialization

Technology and process digitalization, in line with Industry 4.0 philosophy.

Specific Equipment

LORTEK has three solid state laser sources: a 6kW disc laser, a 3kW Nd-YAG laser, and a 1kW fibre laser. It also has a semi-conductor source: a 3kW diode laser. This wide range of wavelengths permits processing a broad gamut of materials, using the most adequate laser for each specific application. It also has different headstocks with fixed and floating optics, which permit varying the laser spot during the process, as well as incorporating ports for on-axis sensors or camera to monitor the melted bath, or to measure the temperature. The laser beam is guided to the headstock by different diameter optical fibres. The powder is provided through powder feeders from two heated hoppers with different types of nozzles: coaxial for fine and standard powder, and three-jet nozzles with carbide inserts for the different applications and degrees of accessibility required. Different specialized CAM software packages are available to generate trajectories for direct deposition processes, in which kinematics virtualization and simulations are possible.

Two LMD workstations are available, depending on the required degrees of freedom for the application:


3-axis cartesian kinematics station with possibility of a fourth axis

  • 3-axis cartesian kinematic station with possibility of fourth axis (rotary plate), comprised of a CNC table (500x500x800 mm) with Fagor 8065 control equipped with data acquisition and remote connectivity.

LMD robotized cell

  • Each LMD robotized cell comprised of a Fanuc ARC Mate 120iC robot indexed to a 2-axis Fanuc servo positioner (rotary table).

Publications and downloads

Publications
2021
Pereira JC, Moreno R, Tenbrock C, Herget A, Wittich T, Hamilton K
Advances in Multi-Process Hybrid Production Cells for Rapid Individualised Laser-Based Production
Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(4):1812. EISSN 2076-3417. DOI: 10.3390/app11041812
Open link
2021
Pereira, J.C.; Borovkov, H.; Zubiri, F.; Guerra, M.C.; Caminos, J.
Fabrico aditivo de paredes finas e cantos retos: otimização do processo LMD
InterMETAL, 2021, 9 (02), páginas 36-40.
Open link
2021
H. Borovkov, A. Garcia de la Yedra, X. Zurutuza, X. Angulo, P. Alvarez, J.C. Pereira, F. Cortes
In-Line Height Measurement Technique for Directed Energy Deposition Processes.
J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2021, 5(3): 85. EISSN 2504-4494
Open link
2020
Pereira, J.C.; Borovkov, H.; Zubiri, F.; Guerra, M.C.; Caminos, J.
Optimization of Thin Walls with Sharp Corners in SS316L and IN718 Alloys Manufactured with Laser Metal Deposition
J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2021, 5, 5. Pages 1-17. EISSN 2504-4494. doi: 10.3390/jmmp5010005
Open link
2019
J.C. Zambrano, J.C. Pereira, V. Amigó.
Influence of process parameters and initial microstructure on the oxidation resistance of Ti48Al2Cr2Nb coating obtained by laser metal deposition
Surface & Coatings Technology, 2019 (358) 114-124. ISSN 0257-8972.
Open link
2019
J.C. Pereira, A. Echeverría, J.C. Zambrano, C.R.M. Afonso, V. Amigó.
Microstructure assessment at high temperature in NiCoCrAlY overlay coating obtained by laser metal deposition
Journal of Material Research and Technology. 2019; 8(2) 1761–1772. ISSN 2238-7854.
Open link
2018
A. García de la Yedra, M. Pfleger, B. Aramendi, et al.
Online cracking detection by means of optical techniques in laser‐cladding process
Struct Control Health Monit. 2019; 26:e2291. ISSN:1545-2263.
Open link

Success Cases

Manufacture of blades for Nozzle Ring

Challenge

Manufacture of blades for Nozzle Ring (Turbomachinery sector) by means of LMD.

Solution

Development of LMD process in 316L stainless steel and in IN718 nickel-based alloy to manufacture near-net-shape blades. WATCH VIDEO

Partners or strategic alliances

Work developed in collaboration with FhG ILT, ABB Turbo and AUTODESK within the framework of the HyProCell project.

Additive manufacturing by means of LMD of vanes (Top Core Vane, TCV) in IN718

Challenge

Additive manufacturing by means of LMD of vanes (Top Core Vane, TCV) in IN718.

Solution

Development of LMD process to manufacture thin walls in multiple layers.

Partners or strategic alliances

Work developed in collaboration with ITP within the framework of the MERLIN project.

Near-net-shap preforms LMD manufacturing

Challenge

Near-net-shap preforms manufacturing through LMD

Solution

Modeling, simulation and development of the LMD process in Inconel 718 and in SS316L stainless steel to obtain 2.5D preforms of 150x75x50mm3 (5 mm wall thicknesses) with geometric precision of ± 0.5 mm

Partners or strategic alliances

Work entirely developed by LORTEK

Challenges

Challenges to be faced in the coming years:

Process digitalization.
Implementation of multivariant control process strategies.
Development of easily verifiable process stability systems.

Juan Carlos Pereira, PhD.

Main researcher in LMD Additive Manufacturing and Laser Cladding.

He is the author of more than 19 peer-reviewed publications, the majority of them in high impact journals (Scopus, SCR-JCR) over the last 5 years. Several presentations at national and international congresses related to the development and characterization of MCrAIY laser coatings for high temperature applications, and also for the development of laser-based additive manufacturing processes such as LMD and SLM.

Previously, he worked as a researcher at the Institute of Material Technology (ITM, Valencia - Spain) and as Professor and Researcher in the Manufacturing Materials and Processes Department of the Engineering Faculty (UC, Valencia – Venezuela).

He is currently working in the Laser Based Additive Manufacturing group at LORTEK, participating in different European, national and regional R&D projects. Project leader in NEMARCO (H2020-CS2-CFP11-2020-01), Project manager in HYPROCELL (H2020-FoF13-2016) and technical suport in AMABLE (H2020-FoF12-2017-ICT I4MS).